Throughout history, humans have built homes in some of the most extreme and unexpected places—none more fascinating than the underground communities that exist beneath our feet. Whether carved into hillsides, hidden within caves, or built within vast networks of tunnels, these subterranean towns have provided shelter, security, and comfort for centuries. From the ancient rock-cut dwellings of Turkey’s Göreme to the modern-day dugouts of Coober Pedy, each underground community tells a story of survival, ingenuity, and adaptation.
Some of these towns were designed as protective refuges from invaders, while others evolved out of necessity to escape extreme temperatures or maximize space in rugged terrains. In places like Matmata, Tunisia, the Berber people have lived in troglodyte homes for generations, while in Nottingham, England, centuries-old caves have been repurposed into homes, shops, and even pubs. Today, these underground communities continue to thrive, attracting visitors eager to experience life beneath the surface.
Join us as we explore 20 of the world’s most remarkable subterranean settlements—where history, culture, and architecture collide in ways that defy conventional living. These hidden worlds prove that underground life is not just a relic of the past but a testament to human creativity and resilience.
20. Moose Jaw, Canada
Moose Jaw, a charming town in Saskatchewan, is famous for its intricate network of underground tunnels that weave beneath its streets. These tunnels, once shrouded in mystery, are now open for exploration, revealing stories of early 20th-century bootlegging and Chinese immigration.
Visitors can embark on guided tours like the “Chicago Connection,” which delves into the town’s rumored ties to Al Capone. Above ground, Moose Jaw offers a vibrant arts scene and relaxing mineral spas, making it a delightful destination that marries history with modern-day leisure. The price of a 3-4 bedroom home in this picturesque town typically ranges from $199,000 to $400,000.
Where is Moose Jaw, Canada?
Located in the heart of Saskatchewan, Moose Jaw sits approximately 70 kilometers west of Regina, the provincial capital. Nestled along the Moose Jaw River, the town’s geography features scenic prairies and beautiful river valleys. Its central location makes it accessible via the Trans-Canada Highway, and it’s easily reached by car or bus from major cities like Regina and Saskatoon. The combination of its rich history and convenient location makes Moose Jaw an enticing stop on any Canadian road trip.
19. Dietikon, Switzerland
Dietikon is home to the distinctive Earth House Estate, a community of underground homes that blend seamlessly with the surrounding landscape. Designed by architect Peter Vetsch, these hobbit-like dwellings are built into grassy hills, featuring curved structures and green roofs that promote energy efficiency and harmony with nature. Visitors can admire the innovative architecture and perhaps stay in one of the unique accommodations.
The town itself offers picturesque views, local markets, and easy access to hiking trails, providing a tranquil retreat for those seeking sustainable living experiences. A 3-4 bedroom home in Dietikon can be found within the price range of $1,200,000 to $1,500,000.
Where is Dietikon, Switzerland?
Dietikon is situated in the Limmat Valley, about 12 kilometers northwest of Zurich, Switzerland’s largest city. The town is nestled among rolling hills and lush greenery, characteristic of the Swiss countryside. Travelers can reach Dietikon easily by train or car from Zurich, making it a convenient destination for a day trip or a peaceful getaway. Its proximity to urban centers yet serene setting highlights the seamless integration of modern living with environmental mindfulness.
18. Nottingham, England
Nottingham, renowned for its Robin Hood legends, also harbors a labyrinth of over 800 man-made caves beneath its streets. These rock-cut caves date back to the Dark Ages and have been used for various purposes, including dwellings, storage, and even secret breweries.
The City of Caves attraction allows visitors to journey underground and explore this hidden world, uncovering tales of medieval life and wartime shelters. Above ground, Nottingham offers a rich cultural scene with historic castles, museums, and lively markets. A 3-4 bedroom home in Nottingham is typically priced between $650,000 and $950,000.
Where is Nottingham, England?
Located in the East Midlands region of England, Nottingham sits on the River Trent and is approximately 200 kilometers north of London. The city’s central location makes it accessible by train, car, and bus, with direct routes from major cities like London, Birmingham, and Manchester. Nottingham’s mix of urban amenities and historical sites set amidst the English countryside provides a diverse experience for travelers interested in both culture and history.
17. Al-Qarah, Saudi Arabia
Al-Qarah is a small village known for its stunning limestone cave formations that offer a cool refuge from the desert heat. The caves feature natural air conditioning, with temperatures inside remaining refreshingly mild year-round. Visitors can wander through the narrow passages of Al-Qarah Mountain, marveling at the geological wonders and ancient inscriptions on the cave walls.
The village also hosts cultural festivals and markets, providing insight into traditional Saudi Arabian life. A 3-4 bedroom home in Al-Qarah can be purchased for around $150,000 to $350,000.
Where is Al-Qarah, Saudi Arabia?
Al-Qarah is located in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, near the city of Al Hofuf in the Al-Ahsa Oasis region. The area’s lush palm groves contrast with the surrounding desert landscape, making it a unique geographical spot. Travelers can reach Al-Qarah by road from major cities like Dammam or Riyadh, with the nearest airport in Al Hofuf. The combination of natural beauty and cultural heritage makes it a compelling destination for those venturing into Saudi Arabia’s less-explored locales.
16. Festus, Missouri
Festus is home to the unique Cave House of Crystal City, where innovative homeowners have transformed former sandstone mines into spacious underground residences. These homes maintain a constant temperature naturally, offering energy efficiency and a distinctive living environment.
Visitors interested in unconventional architecture can explore these cave dwellings by appointment. Festus also boasts parks, wineries, and the nearby Mississippi River, providing a range of recreational activities. In Festus, the price of a 3-4 bedroom home typically ranges from $165,000 to $465,000.
Where is Festus, Missouri?
Situated about 50 kilometers south of St. Louis, Festus lies along Interstate 55 in Jefferson County, Missouri. The town is nestled among rolling hills and near the confluence of the Mississippi and Meramec Rivers. Travelers can easily reach Festus by car from St. Louis or by flying into the St. Louis Lambert International Airport and driving south. Its proximity to urban centers while retaining a small-town charm makes Festus an accessible destination for exploring underground living in the Midwest.
15. Noszvaj, Hungary
Noszvaj is a quaint village known for its cave homes carved into the soft volcanic tuff of the Bükk Mountains. These dwellings, once traditional homes, and wine cellars have been renovated into charming guest accommodations and artisan workshops. Visitors can stay overnight in a cave apartment, savor local wines, and participate in craft workshops.
The village’s picturesque setting and emphasis on sustainable tourism offer a peaceful retreat into Hungary’s countryside traditions. A 3-4 bedroom home in Noszvaj is priced between $120,000 and $180,000.
Where is Noszvaj, Hungary?
Located in northern Hungary, Noszvaj is approximately 150 kilometers from Budapest and close to the historic city of Eger. Surrounded by forests and vineyards, it’s nestled in the scenic foothills of the Bükk Mountains. Travelers can reach Noszvaj by car or bus from Budapest or via train to Eger, followed by a short bus ride. The village’s serene environment and accessibility make it an ideal spot for those seeking a blend of nature, culture, and unique accommodations.
14. Al-Basta, Jordan
Al-Basta is a small village that offers a rare glimpse into ancient Nabatean cave dwellings similar to those in the nearby famous city of Petra. Residents live in and among these historical caves, preserving traditions that date back millennia. Visitors can explore the rock-cut homes and tombs, hike the rugged landscape, and experience authentic Jordanian hospitality.
The simplicity and timelessness of Al-Basta provide a stark contrast to modern life, enriching any journey through Jordan. Homes with 3-4 bedrooms in Al-Basta can be found for around $70,000 to $150,000.
Where is Al-Basta, Jordan?
Al-Basta is located in southern Jordan, near the town of Ma’an and approximately 25 kilometers east of Petra. The village is set amid arid desert landscapes and rocky outcrops characteristic of the region. Travelers can reach Al-Basta by road from Amman or Aqaba, often including it as a stop when visiting Petra or Wadi Rum. Its off-the-beaten-path location offers an intimate look at Jordan’s ancient heritage away from the crowds.
13. Cojimar, Cuba
Cojimar is a coastal town where some residents have creatively utilized underground spaces to escape the tropical heat. Known as the setting for Ernest Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea,” Cojimar retains a rustic charm with its quiet streets and seaside views.
Visitors can explore underground cisterns converted into cool living areas, dine at local seafood restaurants, and stroll along the waterfront where Hemingway once fished. The town’s blending of literary history and everyday life provides a unique Cuban experience. The cost of a 3-4 bedroom home in Cojimar generally falls between $50,000 and $150,000.
Where is Cojimar, Cuba?
Cojimar is located just east of Havana, the capital of Cuba, along the island’s northern coastline. The town is easily accessible by car or taxi from Havana, taking approximately 20 minutes along the Via Blanca highway. Its proximity to the capital makes Cojimar a convenient excursion for travelers looking to escape the city’s hustle while still enjoying cultural and historical sites. The town’s coastal geography offers picturesque ocean views and fresh sea breezes.
12. Yaodong Homes, China
The Loess Plateau in China is home to the traditional yaodong cave dwellings, where millions of people live in earth-sheltered homes carved into the hillside. These dwellings maintain stable temperatures year-round, providing natural insulation against the region’s extreme weather.
Visitors to the area can witness the unique architectural designs, interact with locals, and learn about sustainable living practices that have been in use for centuries. The yaodong homes offer a fascinating insight into rural Chinese culture and environmental adaptation. The price range for a 3-4 bedroom home in this region is typically between $50,000 and $200,000.
Where are Yaodong Homes Located?
Yaodong homes are predominantly found in the Loess Plateau region, spanning provinces like Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan in northern China. The plateau’s loess soil is easily carved, making it ideal for creating these underground homes. Travelers can access the region via major cities such as Xi’an, then venture into rural areas by bus or guided tours. The landscape’s distinctive yellow earth and terraced hills provide a striking backdrop to these traditional dwellings.
11. Almagreira, Portugal
Almagreira, nestled near Porto Covo, is known for its traditional homes built into the cliffs along the coast. These cave houses, some still inhabited, offer protection from the elements while providing stunning ocean views. Visitors can explore the rugged coastline, relax on secluded beaches, and discover the blend of human habitation with natural formations.
The village’s tranquil atmosphere and pristine surroundings make it a hidden gem for those seeking a quiet retreat. In Almagreira, a 3-4 bedroom home is typically priced between $250,000 and $450,000.
Where is Almagreira, Portugal?
Almagreira is located on the western coast of Portugal, within the Alentejo region, South of Lisbon. The village is accessible by car via the A2 and Sines highways, offering a scenic drive through the Portuguese countryside. Its coastal geography features dramatic cliffs, sandy coves, and the azure Atlantic Ocean. Proximity to the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park adds to its appeal for nature lovers and hikers.
10. Troo, France
Troo is a picturesque village renowned for its homes carved into the limestone cliffs overlooking the Loir River. These troglodyte dwellings date back to the Middle Ages and have been preserved and adapted for modern living. Visitors can wander the steep streets, explore the cave homes and chapels, and enjoy panoramic views from the village heights.
Troo’s unique architecture and charming ambiance make it a captivating destination for history enthusiasts and romantics alike. A 3-4 bedroom home in Troo is typically priced between $200,000 and $300,000.
Where is Troo, France?
Situated in the Loir-et-Cher department of central France, Troo lies approximately 200 kilometers southwest of Paris. The village is accessible by car via the A10 and A11 motorways or by train to nearby towns like Vendôme. Nestled along the Loir River, its scenic landscape features rolling hills, vineyards, and lush forests. Troo’s location provides a peaceful countryside experience steeped in French rural charm.
9. Guadix, Spain
Guadix is a historic town where thousands of residents live in cave houses dug into the soft clay hillsides. These whitewashed dwellings, known as “casas cueva,” maintain comfortable temperatures year-round and create a distinct skyline of chimneys protruding from the hills.
Visitors can tour the Barrio de las Cuevas, stay overnight in cave accommodations, and visit the Moorish castle and cathedral in the town center. Guadix offers a unique blend of cultural heritage and underground living traditions. The price range for a 3-4 bedroom home in Guadix is between $100,000 and $200,000.
Where is Guadix, Spain?
Located in the province of Granada in southern Spain, Guadix sits at the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. The town is approximately 60 kilometers east of Granada city and can be reached by car or bus via the A-92 motorway. Guadix’s elevated location provides stunning views of the mountains and easy access to nearby natural parks. Its geographical setting combines arid landscapes with rich history, making it a fascinating destination in Andalusia.
8. Göreme, Turkey
Göreme is nestled in the heart of Cappadocia and is famous for its unique cave houses carved into fairy chimney rock formations. Residents have lived in these dwellings for centuries, and many have been converted into hotels, offering an otherworldly experience for visitors.
Activities include hot air balloon rides over the mesmerizing landscape, exploring the Göreme Open Air Museum with its ancient rock-cut churches, and hiking through valleys dotted with unusual geological features. Göreme’s blend of natural beauty and historical significance creates a truly magical atmosphere. A 3-4 bedroom home in Göreme typically costs between $120,000 and $250,000.
Where is Göreme, Turkey?
Göreme is located in the Nevşehir Province of central Turkey. The town sits within the Cappadocia region, known for its unique volcanic landscapes and rock formations. Travelers can reach Göreme by flying into Nevşehir or Kayseri airports, followed by a short drive or shuttle bus. Its central location makes it accessible while still feeling like a hidden treasure, enveloped by the captivating terrain of Cappadocia.
7. White Cliffs, Australia
White Cliffs is an opal mining town where residents have embraced underground living to escape the harsh Australian sun. Homes, known as “dugouts,” are carved into the hillside, maintaining a stable and cool temperature year-round.
Visitors can tour underground galleries, stay in subterranean accommodations, and try their hand at fossicking for opals. The town’s lunar-like landscape and star-filled night skies add to its unique and rugged charm. A 3-4 bedroom home in White Cliffs is typically priced between $350,000 and $600,000.
Where is White Cliffs, Australia?
White Cliffs is located in New South Wales, approximately 295 kilometers northeast of Broken Hill. The town is accessible via the Barrier Highway and then local roads, with the journey offering a glimpse into the remote Outback. Its isolated location highlights the ingenuity of underground living in extreme environments. Travelers seeking an authentic Outback experience will find White Cliffs both challenging and rewarding.
6. Sassi di Matera, Italy
Matera’s Sassi district is renowned for its ancient cave dwellings, some of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world. These stone houses, carved into the mountainside, have been revitalized into modern homes, boutique hotels, and cozy restaurants.
Visitors can wander the labyrinthine alleyways, explore rock churches adorned with frescoes, and enjoy the blend of history and contemporary culture. Matera’s transformation from an impoverished past to a UNESCO World Heritage site showcases the resilience and adaptability of its people. A 3-4 bedroom home in Sassi di Matera generally costs between $150,000 and $300,000.
Where is Matera, Italy?
Matera is located in the Basilicata region of southern Italy, near the border with Puglia. The town sits atop a rocky ravine, offering dramatic views of the surrounding landscape. Travelers can reach Matera by car or train from major cities like Bari, which has the nearest airport. Its unique setting and accessibility make it a must-visit destination for those exploring Italy’s less-traveled southern regions.
5. Sacromonte, Spain
Sacromonte is a hillside neighborhood in Granada known for its cave houses and vibrant flamenco culture. The Roma community has inhabited these caves for centuries, creating a rich tradition of music and dance. Visitors can attend flamenco shows in intimate cave settings, explore the Sacromonte Cave Museum, and enjoy panoramic views of the Alhambra and the city below. The blend of cultural heritage and stunning vistas makes Sacromonte a captivating destination. A 3-4 bedroom home in Sacromonte is typically priced between $120,000 and $250,000.
Where is Sacromonte, Spain?
Located in Granada, within the Andalusia region of southern Spain, Sacromonte sits across from the Alhambra on Valparaíso Hill. The neighborhood is accessible by foot, taxi, or bus from Granada’s city center. Its elevated position provides breathtaking views of the historic sites and the Sierra Nevada mountains. Sacromonte’s proximity to Granada’s other attractions makes it an essential part of any visit to the city.
4. Kandovan, Iran
Kandovan is a village where residents live in cone-shaped homes carved into volcanic rock formations, resembling a beehive or fairy chimneys. These dwellings have been continuously inhabited for over 700 years, offering a rare example of living history.
Visitors can explore the narrow pathways, visit local shops selling handicrafts and honey, and even stay in a boutique hotel built into the rock. Kandovan’s unique architecture and way of life provide a fascinating glimpse into Iran’s cultural and geological heritage. A 3-4 bedroom home in Kandovan is typically priced between $30,000 and $70,000.
Where is Kandovan, Iran?
Kandovan is located in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran, approximately 60 kilometers south of Tabriz. Nestled in the Sahand Mountains, the village’s high altitude contributes to its distinct climate and landscapes. Travelers can reach Kandovan by car or tour from Tabriz, exploring the scenic mountain roads en route. Its remote location adds to the allure and preservation of its traditional lifestyle.
3. Setenil de las Bodegas, Spain
Setenil de las Bodegas is famed for its houses and shops built under massive rock overhangs, appearing as if the town is fused with the cliffs. The streets wind beneath these rocks, providing natural shade and a unique architectural setting.
Visitors can stroll along Calle Cuevas del Sol and Calle Cuevas de la Sombra, enjoying tapas at cliffside bars and exploring local artisan shops. The integration of human habitation with geology makes Setenil a standout destination in Andalusia. A 3-4 bedroom home in Setenil de las Bodegas typically costs between $150,000 and $250,000.
Where is Setenil de las Bodegas, Spain?
Setenil is located in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain, and is part of the White Villages (Pueblos Blancos) route. The town is approximately 20 kilometers north of Ronda and can be reached by car or bus through picturesque mountain roads. Its placement along a narrow river gorge contributes to its unique urban layout. Setenil’s proximity to other historic towns enhances its appeal as a cultural and scenic stopover.
2. Matmata, Tunisia
Matmata is renowned for its underground “troglodyte” homes, where residents have dug large pits into the ground and carved out rooms from the surrounding earth. These dwellings offer natural insulation from the Saharan heat, creating a comfortable living environment.
Visitors may recognize Matmata from its appearance as the setting for Luke Skywalker’s home in the original “Star Wars” film. Exploring these homes and staying in troglodyte hotels provides an immersive experience of traditional Berber life. The price of a 3-4 bedroom home in Matmata generally ranges from $40,000 to $80,000.
Where is Matmata, Tunisia?
Matmata is located in southern Tunisia, approximately 40 kilometers southwest of Gabès. The village sits on the edge of the Sahara Desert, characterized by its arid landscapes and rugged terrain. Travelers can reach Matmata by road from major cities like Tunis or via tours that explore the region’s cultural sites. The remote location adds to the authenticity of the experience, transporting visitors to a different world.
1. Coober Pedy, Australia
Coober Pedy, known as the “Underground Opal Capital of the World,” is a town where the majority of residents live in subterranean homes called “dugouts.” These homes are excavated into the hillsides to escape the extreme temperatures of the South Australian desert.
Visitors can explore underground churches, museums, and even hotels, gaining insight into this unique way of life. Opal mining tours and the opportunity to fossick for opals attract adventurers and gem enthusiasts alike to this remarkable outback town. A 3-4 bedroom home in Coober Pedy typically costs between $100,000 and $150,000.
Where is Coober Pedy, Australia?
Coober Pedy is located in northern South Australia, approximately 850 kilometers north of Adelaide along the Stuart Highway. The town sits in a vast, barren landscape typical of the Australian Outback. Travelers can reach Coober Pedy by car, bus, or flights to the local airport from Adelaide. Its remote setting underscores the ingenuity of its underground living solutions and offers an unforgettable experience to those who make the journey.
